Acharya Prashant argues that overpopulation is not merely a societal problem but a crime that requires both positive and negative measures to control. He highlights that while education, medical services, and women's participation in the workforce naturally lower fertility rates, these are virtuous goals that should be pursued regardless of their impact on population. On the negative side, he suggests that governments should disincentivize having more than two children by reducing or stopping subsidies, while simultaneously providing material and social rewards for those who choose to have fewer or no children. He emphasizes that draconian measures are unnecessary if the government can effectively use financial and social incentives to influence individual decision-making.